Childhood cancer remains one of the most challenging medical conditions, often striking without warning and turning families’ lives upside down. Unlike adult cancers, which are frequently linked to lifestyle and environmental factors, many childhood cancers have a genetic basis. This raises a crucial question: Can early genetic screening help us detect and prevent childhood cancers before they take hold?

Understanding the Genetic Link to Childhood Cancers

Certain cancers in children, such as retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms’ tumor, and leukemia, have been linked to inherited genetic mutations. Some children are born with a predisposition to cancer due to mutations in genes like TP53 (Li-Fraumeni Syndrome), RB1 (Retinoblastoma), or NF1 (Neurofibromatosis). In such cases, the risk of developing cancer is significantly higher.

However, most childhood cancers occur due to sporadic mutations, meaning they are not inherited but arise randomly. This makes broad-based genetic screening challenging, but not impossible.

The Case for Early Genetic Screening

Advancements in genetic testing now allow us to identify high-risk children even before symptoms appear. Screening children with a family history of cancer or known genetic syndromes can help in:

• Early Detection: Identifying genetic predispositions allows for increased surveillance and early intervention.
• Personalized Treatment: Genetic profiling can help tailor therapies that are more effective and less toxic.
• Preventive Measures: In some cases, preventive measures such as regular imaging or even preemptive surgeries (as seen in hereditary retinoblastoma) can save lives.

Challenges in Implementing Genetic Screening

Despite its promise, genetic screening for childhood cancer is not yet routine in India, and several challenges exist:

• High Costs: Advanced genetic tests can be expensive and are not widely covered under insurance.
• Limited Awareness: Many families and even general practitioners remain unaware of genetic predispositions to childhood cancers.
• Psychosocial Impact: A positive test result can lead to anxiety and ethical dilemmas for families.

A Future of Hope

While genetic screening is not a magic bullet, it has the potential to change the landscape of childhood cancer care in India. By integrating genetic testing with early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans, we can offer children a better chance at survival and a healthier future.

At Narayana Hospital, Howrah, we believe that no child should have to fight cancer alone. By embracing the power of genetics, we can fight smarter, act earlier, and save more lives.

About the author- Dr. Chandrakanth MV, Academic Head & Sr Consultant – Medical & Haemato Oncology, BMT, Narayana Hospital, Howrah