Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Radiation therapy plays a significant role in both early-stage and advanced breast cancer. Its primary function is to target and destroy cancer cells using high-energy rays, thus helping to reduce the risk of recurrence and manage symptoms in patients with advanced cancer.

Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, uses high-energy rays or particles, such as X-rays, to destroy cancer cells. It is a non-invasive treatment that focuses on targeting and eliminating cancer cells in a specific area while trying to spare the surrounding healthy tissues. In breast oncology, radiation therapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy, to maximise treatment effectiveness.

When Is Radiation Therapy Used?

Radiation therapy is recommended after breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) to reduce the risk of cancer returning in the same breast. It may also be used after a mastectomy, particularly if the cancer was large, had spread to lymph nodes, or if cancer cells were found at the surgical margins. Additionally, for metastatic breast cancer, radiation therapy helps alleviate pain and manage symptoms when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

What to Expect During Radiation Therapy?

Before starting radiation therapy, patients undergo a CT simulation. This session is the stage of planning, where a radiation oncologist maps out the precise treatment area. The goal is to target the cancer effectively while sparing healthy tissue as much as possible. Small tattoos or markings may be made on the skin to guide the radiation therapist during the treatment sessions.

Once treatment begins, the radiation is delivered through a machine called a linear accelerator (Linac). The sessions are usually painless, although it may be uncomfortable to lie in the required position for extended periods. Treatment itself typically lasts just a few minutes, but it may take 15 to 45 minutes for proper positioning. The radiation therapist monitors the patient during the session from another room to ensure the treatment is being delivered accurately. Communication is maintained via an intercom, allowing the patient to report any discomfort.

Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

Like all cancer treatments, radiation therapy can cause side effects, though they are usually temporary and manageable. One of the most common side effects is skin irritation. The treated area may become red, dry, or sore, similar to a sunburn. To manage this, it’s recommended to avoid applying any cosmetics to the treatment area. Wearing loose clothing helps prevent irritation, while soothing creams such as hyaluronic acid can provide relief.

Another side effect some patients experience is difficulty swallowing. This can happen when radiation affects the throat area, leading to pain or a sensation of a lump in the throat. To minimise this, patients are advised to avoid spicy or oily foods and eat smaller, more frequent meals. Painkillers can also help manage the discomfort during swallowing.

Breast heaviness and swelling are common as well, especially when a higher dose of radiation is administered. The breast may feel sore and swollen during treatment. After radiation concludes, breast massage can help reduce swelling and stiffness, providing comfort. Pain medications may be prescribed if necessary.

Radiation therapy helps prevent cancer recurrence and manage symptoms in advanced cases. While common side effects such as skin irritation, difficulty swallowing, and breast swelling are usually temporary, patients are advised to wear loose clothing and use soothing creams for skin care. Eating smaller, frequent meals can help alleviate swallowing discomfort. Despite these side effects, most patients can continue their daily activities, including work and social events, throughout the treatment.

Radiation Therapy: A Vital Step in Breast Cancer Care

In conclusion, radiation therapy plays a crucial role in breast cancer treatment, aiming to reduce recurrence and manage symptoms. Side effects are generally short-lived and manageable with proper care. With the right support and guidance, patients can continue their daily lives while undergoing treatment. The long-term benefits of radiation therapy are worth the effort.

About the author- Dr.  Akanksha  Anup, Associate Consultant, Radiation Oncology, Narayana Hospital, RN Tagore Hospital, Mukandapur