According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility affects approximately 10-15% of couples globally, making it a significant global health concern. While medical conditions are often considered the primary causes, lifestyle factors also play a significant role in reducing fertility.

Here, we delve into five common lifestyle factors that contribute to infertility, highlighting the need for awareness and proactive changes in our daily lives.

1. Diet and Nutrition

In India, traditional diets vary widely across regions, but the influence of Western fast food and processed snacks is undeniable. Poor nutrition, characterized by a diet high in refined sugars, trans fats, and processed foods, can lead to obesity and other metabolic disorders, which are closely linked to infertility. For both men and women, maintaining a balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables is crucial for optimal reproductive health. Women need sufficient levels of iron, folic acid, and vitamin D, while men benefit from antioxidants that improve sperm quality.

2. Stress and Mental Health

Factors such as job stress, financial burdens, and societal expectations, can significantly impact fertility levels. In India, the stigma associated with infertility can add to the emotional stress, creating a vicious cycle. Chronic stress affects hormone levels, disrupts menstrual cycles in women, and impairs sperm production in men. Managing stress through practices like yoga, meditation, and mindfulness can enhance mental well-being and improve reproductive outcomes. Additionally, seeking support from mental health professionals can be invaluable in managing the psychological aspects of infertility.

3. Smoking, alcohol, and tobacco consumption

The use of tobacco, alcohol, and the habit of smoking is another major lifestyle factor affecting fertility. Smoking for instance reduces sperm count and motility in men and affects ovarian function in women. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hormonal imbalances and liver damage, which negatively impact fertility. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake are essential steps for couples trying to conceive. Moreover, avoiding recreational drugs altogether is crucial for maintaining reproductive health.

4. Physical Activity and Obesity

While physical activity is essential for overall health, both sedentary lifestyles and excessive exercise can adversely affect fertility. In India, the rise in sedentary jobs and urban living has contributed to an increase in obesity, which is linked to various reproductive issues such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women and decreased testosterone levels in men. Conversely, excessive exercise can lead to hormonal imbalances and menstrual irregularities in women. Maintaining a healthy weight through regular, moderate exercise and a balanced diet is vital for fertility. Activities like walking, swimming, and yoga can help achieve this balance.

5. Environmental and Occupational Factors

Exposure to environmental pollutants and occupational hazards can significantly impair fertility. In India, urbanization and industrialization have led to increased exposure to toxins such as pesticides, heavy metals, and endocrine disruptors. These chemicals can interfere with hormonal function and reproductive health. Additionally, certain occupations, such as those involving prolonged exposure to heat, radiation, or harmful chemicals, can reduce fertility. Couples should take steps to minimize exposure to environmental toxins, such as using organic products, avoiding plastics with BPA, and following safety protocols at work.

About the author- Dr. Sugata Mishra, Consultant, Birla Fertility & IVF Kolkata